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14. Materials Discovery

Stage B - QPE (upgraded from VQE)

QPE for band gap estimation via tight-binding Hamiltonian. 132k physical qubits, 18 logical. Exponential speedup for correlated materials.

Algorithm
QPE Band Gap Estimation
Logical Qubits
5
Framework
Modern QDK (qsharp 1.27+)

Resource Estimation (Azure Quantum RE)

Physical Qubits
131.9k
Logical Qubits
18
T-Gates
6
Rotations
45
Runtime
3.3ms

Resource Breakdown

Calibration Evidence (20-Run Ensemble)

Mean Value
0.000
95% CI
± 0.000
Runs
20
Std Dev
0.000

Noise Resilience (Depolarizing Simulation)

Ideal outcome: [One, Zero] (68% probability)

p = 0.001
98.8%
p = 0.01
98.8%
p = 0.05
96.3%

Cross-Platform Emulator Results (100 shots)

Quantinuum H2-1E
[1, 0]
70% of shots
Rigetti QVM
[1, 0]
69% of shots
✓ Cross-platform agreement: both simulators find the same dominant outcome
H2-1E Distribution
Rigetti QVM Distribution

Troyer Utility-Scale Classification

Quantum Simulation (Native Advantage Potential)
Quantum Speedup
Exponential for correlated materials
Classical Competitor
DFT / GW approximation
Honest Assessment (Troyer Framework)

Upgraded to QPE for strongly-correlated materials (e.g., high-Tc superconductors) where DFT fails. QPE provides exponential speedup for Hamiltonian simulation of correlated electron systems.

Multi-Model Resource Comparison

Physical qubit requirements across 6 qubit technologies × 2 QEC schemes (inspired by Troyer Architecture Series, Part 3).

■ Gate-based + Surface (blue)■ Majorana + Surface (green)■ Majorana + Floquet (light green)
Qubit ModelQECPhysical QubitsLogical Qubits
Majorana (ns, 1e-6)surface_code21,60012
Majorana (ns, 1e-6) (Floquet)floquet_code25,58412
Superconducting (ns, 1e-4)surface_code40,37612
Trapped Ion (μs, 1e-4)surface_code40,37612
Trapped Ion (μs, 1e-3)surface_code127,08012
Superconducting (ns, 1e-3)surface_code401,40012
Majorana (ns, 1e-4)surface_code529,05612
Majorana (ns, 1e-4) (Floquet)floquet_code636,28812

Problem Documentation

Problem 14 · Quantum Materials Discovery

Overview

Designing next-generation battery cathodes requires exploring a vast space of material compositions and crystal structures. This scaffold provides a reproducible classical baseline that scores candidate compositions using simplified cluster expansions and builds a Q# project for future hybrid VQE and phase-estimation workflows that evaluate band gaps and defect energetics.

Directory Layout


14_materials_discovery/
├── estimates/                        # JSON artifacts from classical / quantum workflows
├── instances/                        # Candidate composition grids (small/medium/large)
├── plots/                            # Generated figures from analyze.py
├── python/
│   ├── classical_baseline.py         # Surrogate energy/stability scoring for battery materials
│   └── analyze.py                    # Visualization of Pareto fronts and composition trends
└── qsharp/
    ├── qsharp.json            # Modern QDK project file
    └── Program.qs                    # Stubbed quantum workflow

Quick Start


cd problems/14_materials_discovery

# Classical surrogate baseline
env PYTHONPATH=../../.. python python/classical_baseline.py

# Visualize stability vs. voltage trends
python python/analyze.py

# Quantum placeholder (uses modern QDK  qsharp Python package)
python -c "import qsharp; qsharp.init(project_root='qsharp'); print('Build OK')"
 python tooling/run_all_qsharp.py  # runs via qsharp Python package

Next Quantum Milestones

1. Hamiltonian Construction – Encode tight-binding or Hubbard-like operators for candidate lattices.

2. Variational Ansätze – Develop chemistry-informed ansätze for defect and conduction band evaluations.

3. Cost Function Calibration – Integrate quantum outputs with classical thermodynamic models.

4. Resource Estimation – Quantify qubit counts and logical depth for realistic band-gap predictions.

This scaffold keeps the classical materials-surrogate baseline reproducible while laying the groundwork for quantum-assisted materials discovery. 🔋⚛️

Objective Maturity Gate

  • **Current gate**: **Stage B complete** (classical baseline and Q# scaffold/build path are in place).
  • **Next gate target**: **Stage C** (hardware-aware validation with uncertainty-bounded comparisons).

Stage C exit criteria for this problem:

  • Execute at least one non-placeholder quantum workflow path tied to the problem objective.
  • Report uncertainty-bounded comparisons between classical and quantum outputs on `small` and `medium` instances.
  • Document transpilation/connectivity and backend assumptions used for reported quantum runs.
  • Add calibration/noise-sensitivity evidence for the reported quantum metrics.

DiVincenzo Readiness (Stage C/D Overlay)

| Criterion | Status | Evidence / Notes |

|---|---|---|

| Scalable qubit system | partial | Problem-scoped instance baselines are in place; full hardware-scale projections are tracked as Stage C work. |

| Initialization | partial | Input/state initialization path is defined for current workflows, with backend-ready loading fidelity still to be hardened. |

| Coherence vs gate time | not-yet | Backend-calibrated coherence-vs-depth evidence is pending and required for Stage C/D promotion. |

| Universal gate set | partial | Q# scaffold/build path exists; gate-basis decomposition and transpilation evidence remain Stage C tasks. |

| Qubit-specific measurement | partial | Measurement outputs are defined for current validation flows; hardware readout characterization is pending. |

Advantage Claim Contract

  • **Claim category (current)**: `theoretical`.
  • **Problem class and regime**: Problem-specific challenge instances defined in this directory.
  • **Fair baseline**: Problem-local classical baseline in `python/` outputs.
  • **Quantum resource scaling claim**: Expected asymptotic advantage depends on algorithm family and implementation assumptions; no hardware-demonstrated speedup claim yet.
  • **Data-loading and I/O assumptions**: Must be documented alongside future advantage claims.
  • **Noise/error model assumptions**: Backend-specific model and calibration assumptions to be added at Stage C.
  • **Confidence/uncertainty method**: To be reported using shot-based confidence intervals or equivalent statistical bounds.
  • **Residual risks**: Oracle/state-preparation/transpilation overhead may dominate for near-term instance sizes.

Reproduce It

cd problems/14_materials_discovery make classical # Run classical baseline make analyze # Generate plots make build # Validate Q# compilation make run # Run Q# entry point

Key Files

  • qsharp/src/Main.qs Quantum algorithm implementation
  • qsharp/HardwareKernel.qs Azure-submittable QIR kernel
  • python/classical_baseline.py Classical reference implementation
  • estimates/classical_baseline.json Baseline metrics
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